The Advanced Operating Systems course on Udacity covers a wide range of topics related to operating systems. It starts with an introduction to abstractions and hardware resources, followed by an exploration of OS functionality and how to manage the CPU and memory. The course then delves into different OS structures, including the SPIN, Exokernel, and L3 Micro-Kernel approaches. Virtualization is also covered, with lessons on memory, CPU, and device virtualization. Parallelism is discussed, including shared memory machines, synchronization, and communication. The course also covers distributed systems, including definitions, Lamport Clocks, latency limits, and distributed object technology. The Spring Operating System, Java RMI, and Enterprise Java Beans are explored in the context of distributed services design and implementation. The course also covers global memory systems, distributed shared memory, distributed file systems, and system recovery. Real-time and multimedia topics are addressed, including time-sensitive Linux and persistent temporal streams. Finally, the course concludes with lessons on internet-scale computing, giant-scale services, MapReduce, content delivery networks, and real-time and multimedia topics.