The Cloud Architect using Microsoft Azure course on Udacity provides comprehensive training on designing infrastructure and managing migration. The course guides you through creating a backup strategy and migrating on-premise resources into the Azure cloud using Azure Migrate. It also offers insights on cost-effective performance from Azure Advisor and daily monitoring through Azure Monitor. The course also covers the use of ARM Templates for automating resource provisioning and enforcing organizational policies through Azure Policy and Azure Blueprint. The course emphasizes the importance of cost management in a well-architected framework, designing for a cloud-optimized architecture, and leveraging infrastructure autoscale for automation. It also provides a deep understanding of the role of security in an Azure environment, the history of cloud computing and Azure, and the use of workspace simulation for accessing the Azure portal. The course concludes with a discussion on maintaining security after implementing the design.